AT last month’s India-Africa summit in Delhi, Prime Minister Modi met 54 African heads of state to discuss ways of deepening economic and security relationships between these countries. Also on the agenda was public health, with the two sides exploring how to work together to improve healthcare.
For India, pharmaceuticals remain one of the main Indian exports to Africa, making up around 16% of total exported items, with India supplying 85% of all of anti-retroviral drugs used to treat HIV. African ministers, meanwhile, are keen to learn from and copy India’s success in developing a powerhouse drug manufacturing sector, both to secure their own medicine supplies and to give their economies a fillip. It is encouraging to see lower and middle-income countries like India and those in Africa taking charge of their own human and economic development priorities, without intervention from the West, and India can certainly be proud of its role in driving down the cost of HIV treatment in Africa and elsewhere through its supply of cheap drugs.
It would be unwise, however, to assume that what has worked for HIV will work for all the other myriad health problems faced by Africans and India. HIV has been singled out for attention by Western governments, who have poured billions of dollars into building up the health infrastructure required to treat patients, in addition to paying for a large proportion of the (largely Indian made) anti-retroviral drugs currently relied on by African patients.
These days, outside a handful of sub-Saharan African countries like South Africa, HIV/AIDS is only a small part of the disease landscape in developing countries, constituting only 3.1% of all deaths (0.77% in India). Far more people die from heart disease, stroke and lung disease. Amongst the poorest in African countries, and also in India easily treatable diseases such as diarrhoea remain a leading cause of death. India manufactures vast quantities of cheap medicines that could slash death rates for these diseases across Africa and India. The sad reality is that these medicines are simply not getting to those who need them, both at home and abroad.
India itself, home to 3,000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 drugs factories, struggles to make even the most basic medicines available to its citizens. One recent survey showed that in New Delhi, essential medicines are available in only a quarter of state government facilities, which are the primary source of free medicines for a majority of India’s low-income population. Things are equally bleak across sub-Saharan Africa where clinics and pharmacies frequently fail to stock basic medicines such as antibiotics.
Then there is the question of affordability. Even the cheapest off-patent medicines are unaffordable to the majority of people in India and Africa. A single asthma inhaler can cost 50 days’ wages in Mozambique, while in India it can cost 2.3 days wages for the lowest paid government worker.
These prices are unaffordable to most people, compounded by long-term failures by African and the Indian states to create workable health insurance models. These failures lead to 63 million Indians sinking into poverty each year as a result of healthcare costs, something that rarely happens in OECD countries. Even if medicines are provided for free, it means little if the health infrastructure is not there to deliver them. There are only 0.7 physicians per 1000 population in India, well below the 3 to 4 seen in most high-income countries. Things are even worse in Africa: most countries don’t record data but in Zambia and Zimbabwe, two countries that do, the figure is 0.2 and 0.1 respectively.
These are terrible statistics that are unlikely to improve while governments spend so little on health. In 2001, 189 African governments committed to spending 15% of total government expenditure on health, the minimum amount recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Only Rwanda, Botswana, Zambia and Togo have met this commitment, whereas 19 Africa countries actually now spend less. India, meanwhile, only spends a dismal 4.3% of government expenditure on health – nowhere near enough. But to truly improve healthcare in India and Africa, there needs to be much greater focus on the basics – recruiting and training staff, building infrastructure, working on pharmaceutical supply chains, committing funds and ensuring people have some form of insurance.
• Nilanjan Banik is a professor of economics at Mahindra Ecole Centrale and a fellow at CUTS International. Philip Stevens is the director of Geneva Network, a public policy research and advocacy organisation (www.geneva-network.com).