The Executive Secretary, Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency, Farouk Ahmed, reportedly announced, at a press briefing in Abuja on December 29, 2015, that a revised template for fuel pricing had been approved by the agency. The announcement was evidently the formal manifestation of the “modulated pricing” model earlier canvassed by the Group Managing Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and current Minister of State for Petroleum Resources, Ibe Kachikwu. Thus, with the adoption of the new template, petrol price would be reduced from N87 to N86 in the NNPC filling stations, while other marketers would sell at a pump price of N86.50/litre.
However, in contrast to the previous static cost template, fuel prices would henceforth be reviewed quarterly to reflect fluctuations in any cost variable. Indeed, Kachikwu had also corroborated the thrust of the new template when he emphasised in an earlier press briefing in Kaduna in December 2015 that “we are not going to be fluctuating prices day to day; we are going to take like an average, and I think that today when you look at the prices, we have no subsidy, because prices remain low and that is what we need to do.” Kachikwu’s statement probably suggests that the reviewed fuel price has fallen below the existing subsidy threshold of N87/litre. Consequently, government decided to pass on between N1 and 50kobo/litre discount on petrol prices to the public, despite the oppressive N2tn projected loan required to fund 2016 budget deficit. The PPPRA’s modulated response to fuel pricing is allegedly a demonstration of government’s “honesty in being able to sell products to Nigerians at affordable prices that make sense.” Nonetheless, the minister is certain that we still need to get out of the subsidy debacle, because, according to him, “the reliability and affordability of subsidy are issues we need to get away from, whether or not you believe in subsidy”.
Furthermore, if unrestrained dollar demand in the parallel market continues to wag the official naira exchange rate, the Central Bank of Nigeria may inevitably succumb and fatally commit to another significant naira devaluation. However, if an additional 25 per cent naira devaluation becomes necessary to bridge the wide gap between increasingly divergent naira exchange rates between N200 and N300/$1, fuel price will once again spike well above N140/litre, irrespective of the application of the reviewed, presumed responsive PPPRA template. Thus, it will certainly be purely speculative to predict public response to any attempt by government to honestly reflect the higher cost variables, if fuel price increases unexpectedly, particularly, when crude prices conversely remain low.
Nevertheless, if naira exchange rate depreciation persists, petrol prices will inevitably remain volatile and ultimately create severe tensions between the people and government. It is understandable that government should be sensitive to the current impoverished state of Nigerians; however, a patriotic reformist administration should also be responsible enough to take hard decisions to save the economy, even if such decisions make government temporarily unpopular.
Thus, it is possible that if President Muhammadu Buhari increases fuel price from N87 to N100/litre, the treasury will swell by almost N800m every day from the sale of the alleged 40 million litres of petrol consumed daily. Indeed, if crude oil price further dips, about N365bn could be consolidated annually to reduce the clearly unwieldy N2tn plus deficit in the 2016 Appropriation Bill. Similarly, if kerosene is also readily available and sells for about N70-80/litre nationwide without subsidy (rather than over N120 black market price with subsidy and scarcity), government could additionally generate over N100bn to further reduce the deficit in the 2016 budget.
Incidentally, the current administration’s game plan on fuel pricing uncomfortably mirrors former President Goodluck Jonathan’s reduction of fuel price from N97 to N87/litre, prior to the 2015 elections, despite the prevailing worrisome bulging deficit which needed to be funded with unusually high interest rates for a resource endowed sovereign nation like ours.
In retrospect, if Jonathan had patriotically and responsibly risked pre-election popularity and increased government revenue by retaining fuel price at N97/litre or possibly even raising it up marginally to N100/litre, with an irrevocable commitment to maintain adequate supply at all times, the N600bn (15 per cent of the 2015 budget) lately approved as supplementary budget on December 1, 2015, to clear outstanding fuel subsidy bills, might not have been necessary, and our crushing debt burden would have also become lighter. Besides, fuel scarcity and its attendant social agony would probably have also become minimised, as petrol marketers would be eager to import and enthusiastically supply fuel to meet demand, if a deregulated price regime prevailed.
Expectedly, however, the treasury-friendly price advantage induced by the slump in crude price under Jonathan was, soon after, wiped out with a subsequent 30 per cent naira devaluation which spiked fuel price to once again inadvertently “force” subsidy into the existing pricing template. Sadly, a similar treasury-friendly price advantage has again been made possible under Buhari, ironically, also by the increasingly low crude oil price below budget benchmark. Nevertheless, further naira devaluation, hereafter, would inevitably, similarly push fuel price back into the realm of subsidy and contention between the people and government.
Worse still, government’s borrowing requirement will certainly exceed the highest ever projected deficit of N2.2tn, if oil prices continue to remain well below the $38/barrel budget benchmark.
This column has consistently explained that weaker naira exchange rates instigate high fuel prices which provoke demand for subsidy; however, public expectation was inexplicably shattered when bountiful and exceptional dollar reserves failed to strengthen the naira exchange rate and conversely reduce fuel price. A bizarre case of “tails you lose and heads I win”. It is ironical that we should rely on reduction in crude prices to bring down fuel prices and remove subsidy, when clearly, our revenue expectations, and the capacity to develop critical social infrastructure also become severely challenged when crude oil price falls.
Furthermore, Kachikwu had also suggested in an interaction with the press in December 2015 that government refineries would soon achieve production output of up to 10 million litres daily. Unfortunately, however, the minister did not confirm if the price of the products locally refined from government owned refineries would be in any way cheaper than the equivalent imports as per public expectation.
Indeed, according to Farouk Ahmed, the NNPC will be responsible for over 78 per cent of the total fuel supplies in 2016. Nonetheless, in view of the wide margins between parallel and official naira exchange rates, further devaluation must be on the card and it will be revealing, therefore if the NNPC has strategically, knowingly projected an amount for fuel subsidy in their 2016 budget. It will be equally of interest to know the National Assembly’s reaction to such a provision.
In reality, however, if systemic excess naira supply persists, the naira exchange rate will continue to slide and instigate higher fuel prices and make the attainment of a subsidy free fuel price a challenge as we continue to discount the naira value while subsiding the dollar exchange rate. In such an event, the debt burden will increase as fuel prices continue to rise to make subsidy inevitable and poverty will only deepen nationwide.